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Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician from Illinois and the designer of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He was a U.S. representative, a U.S. senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln. Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because he was short in physical stature, but a forceful and dominant figure in politics. Douglas was well known as a resourceful party leader, and an adroit, ready, skillful tactician in debate and passage of legislation. He was a champion of the Young America movement which sought to modernize politics and replace the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past. Douglas was a leading proponent of democracy, and believed in the principle of popular sovereignty: that the majority of citizens should decide contentious issues such as slavery and territorial expansion. As chairman of the Committee on Territories, Douglas dominated the Senate in the 1850s. He was largely responsible for the Compromise of 1850 that apparently settled slavery issues; however, in 1854 he reopened the slavery question with the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened some previously prohibited territories to slavery under popular sovereignty. Opposition to this led to the formation of the Republican Party. Douglas initially endorsed the ''Dred Scott'' decision of 1857. But during the 1858 Senate campaign, he argued its effect could be negated by popular sovereignty.〔McPherson, pp. 177-8〕 He also opposed the efforts of President James Buchanan and his Southern allies to enact a Federal slave code and impose the Lecompton Constitution on Kansas. In 1860, the conflict over slavery led to the split in the Democratic Party in the 1860 Convention. Hardline pro-slavery Southerners rejected Douglas, and nominated their own candidate, Vice President John C. Breckinridge, while the Northern Democrats nominated Douglas. Douglas deeply believed in democracy, arguing the will of the people should always be decisive.〔Dean (1994)〕 When civil war came in April 1861, he rallied his supporters to the Union cause with all his energies, but he died of typhoid fever a few weeks later. ==Early life and education== He was born Arnold Douglass in Brandon, Vermont〔(Brandon Village Historic District ), Vermont Heritage Network via the University of Vermont. Accessed 2009-07-14.〕 to Stephen Arnold Douglass and Sarah Fisk. Douglas dropped the second "s" from his name some years later.〔Morris 2008, pg. 8〕 His father, a physician and Middlebury College graduate, died suddenly when Stephen was just a few months old. He grew up with his mother (or under the care of a bachelor uncle) and was educated in the local schools. As a teenager, he was apprenticed to a cabinetmaker in Middlebury, but didn't stay in this field for long. His mother remarried in 1830 and moved to New York State, and Douglas attended Canandaigua Academy, beginning the study of law. Although he wished to attend Middlebury College like his father, his mother couldn't support his continued study, and he decided to move west in 1833.〔http://woodstockhistorical.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Stephen-Douglas.pdf〕 He migrated to Winchester, Illinois in 1833, where he served as an itinerant teacher and opened a school for three months at three dollars a pupil.〔Johnston, Mary. ''Roman Life''. Chicago: Scott, Foresman, 1957. Print.〕 He also studied law, and settled in Jacksonville, Illinois. By the end of the year, he wrote his Vermont relatives, "I have become a Western man, have imbibed Western feelings principles and interests and have selected Illinois as the favorite place of my adoption." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stephen A. Douglas」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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